# Principles of Mathematical Logic

Author: David Hilbert,Wilhelm Ackermann,Robert E. Luce

Publisher: American Mathematical Soc.

ISBN: 0821820249

Category: Mathematics

Page: 172

View: 9533

David Hilbert was particularly interested in the foundations of mathematics. Among many other things, he is famous for his attempt to axiomatize mathematics. This now classic text is his treatment of symbolic logic. This translation is based on the second German edition and has been modified according to the criticisms of Church and Quine. In particular, the authors' original formulation of Godel's completeness proof for the predicate calculus has been updated. In the first half of the twentieth century, an important debate on the foundations of mathematics took place. Principles of Mathematical Logic represents one of Hilbert's important contributions to that debate. Although symbolic logic has grown considerably in the subsequent decades, this book remains a classic.

# The History of Philosophical and Formal Logic

From Aristotle to Tarski

Author: Alex Malpass,Marianna Antonutti Marfori

Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing

ISBN: 1472505255

Category: Philosophy

Page: 256

View: 7688

The History of Philosophical and Formal Logic introduces ideas and thinkers central to the development of philosophical and formal logic. From its Aristotelian origins to the present-day arguments, logic is broken down into four main time periods: Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Aristotle and The Stoics) The early modern period (Bolzano, Boole) High modern period (Frege, Peano & Russell and Hilbert) Early 20th century (Godel and Tarski) Each new time frame begins with an introductory overview highlighting themes and points of importance. Chapters discuss the significance and reception of influential works and look at historical arguments in the context of contemporary debates. To support independent study, comprehensive lists of primary and secondary reading are included at the end of chapters, along with exercises and discussion questions. By clearly presenting and explaining the changes to logic across the history of philosophy, The History of Philosophical and Formal Logic constructs an easy-to-follow narrative. This is an ideal starting point for students looking to understand the historical development of logic.

# Mathematical Grammar of Biology

Author: Michel Eduardo Beleza Yamagishi

Publisher: Springer

ISBN: 3319626892

Category: Mathematics

Page: 82

View: 1883

This seminal, multidisciplinary book shows how mathematics can be used to study the first principles of DNA. Most importantly, it enriches the so-called “Chargaff’s grammar of biology” by providing the conceptual theoretical framework necessary to generalize Chargaff’s rules. Starting with a simple example of DNA mathematical modeling where human nucleotide frequencies are associated to the Fibonacci sequence and the Golden Ratio through an optimization problem, its breakthrough is showing that the reverse, complement and reverse-complement operators defined over oligonucleotides induce a natural set partition of DNA words of fixed-size. These equivalence classes, when organized into a matrix form, reveal hidden patterns within the DNA sequence of every living organism. Intended for undergraduate and graduate students both in mathematics and in life sciences, it is also a valuable resource for researchers interested in studying invariant genomic properties.

# A Computable Universe

Understanding and Exploring Nature as Computation

Author: Hector Zenil

Publisher: World Scientific

ISBN: 9814447781

Category: Computers

Page: 856

View: 4369

This volume, with a Foreword writer Sir Roger Penrose, discusses the foundations of computation in relation to nature. It focuses on two main questions: What is computation?How does nature compute? The contributors are world-renowned experts who have helped shape a cutting-edge computational understanding of the universe. They discuss computation in the world from a variety of perspectives, ranging from foundational concepts to pragmatic models to ontological conceptions and philosophical implications. The volume provides a state-of-the-art collection of technical papers and non-technical essays, representing a field that assumes information and computation to be key in understanding and explaining the basic structure underpinning physical reality. It also includes a new edition of Konrad Zuse's “Calculating Space” (the MIT translation), and a panel discussion transcription on the topic, featuring worldwide experts in quantum mechanics, physics, cognition, computation and algorithmic complexity. The volume is dedicated to the memory of Alan M Turing — the inventor of universal computation, on the 100th anniversary of his birth, and is part of the Turing Centenary celebrations. Contents:Foreword (R Penrose)PrefaceAcknowledgementsIntroducing the Computable Universe (H Zenil)Historical, Philosophical & Foundational Aspects of Computation:Origins of Digital Computing: Alan Turing, Charles Babbage, & Ada Lovelace (D Swade)Generating, Solving and the Mathematics of Homo Sapiens. E Post's Views on Computation (L De Mol)Machines (R Turner)Effectiveness (N Dershowitz & E Falkovich)Axioms for Computability: Do They Allow a Proof of Church's Thesis? (W Sieg)The Mathematician's Bias — and the Return to Embodied Computation (S B Cooper)Intuitionistic Mathematics and Realizability in the Physical World (A Bauer)What is Computation? Actor Model versus Turing's Model (C Hewitt)Computation in Nature & the Real World:Reaction Systems: A Natural Computing Approach to the Functioning of Living Cells (A Ehrenfeucht, J Kleijn, M Koutny & G Rozenberg)Bacteria, Turing Machines and Hyperbolic Cellular Automata (M Margenstern)Computation and Communication in Unorganized Systems (C Teuscher)The Many Forms of Amorphous Computational Systems (J Wiedermann)Computing on Rings (G J Martínez, A Adamatzky & H V McIntosh)Life as Evolving Software (G J Chaitin)Computability and Algorithmic Complexity in Economics (K V Velupillai & S Zambelli)Blueprint for a Hypercomputer (F A Doria)Computation & Physics & the Physics of Computation:Information-Theoretic Teleodynamics in Natural and Artificial Systems (A F Beavers & C D Harrison)Discrete Theoretical Processes (DTP) (E Fredkin)The Fastest Way of Computing All Universes (J Schmidhuber)The Subjective Computable Universe (M Hutter)What Is Ultimately Possible in Physics? (S Wolfram)Universality, Turing Incompleteness and Observers (K Sutner)Algorithmic Causal Sets for a Computational Spacetime (T Bolognesi)The Computable Universe Hypothesis (M P Szudzik)The Universe is Lawless or “Pantôn chrêmatôn metron anthrôpon einai” (C S Calude, F W Meyerstein & A Salomaa)Is Feasibility in Physics Limited by Fantasy Alone? (C S Calude & K Svozil)The Quantum, Computation & Information:What is Computation? (How) Does Nature Compute? (D Deutsch)The Universe as Quantum Computer (S Lloyd)Quantum Speedup and Temporal Inequalities for Sequential Actions (M Żukowski)The Contextual Computer (A Cabello)A Gödel-Turing Perspective on Quantum States Indistinguishable from Inside (T Breuer)When Humans Do Compute Quantum (P Zizzi)Open Discussion Section:Open Discussion on A Computable Universe (A Bauer, T Bolognesi, A Cabello, C S Calude, L De Mol, F Doria, E Fredkin, C Hewitt, M Hutter, M Margenstern, K Svozil, M Szudzik, C Teuscher, S Wolfram & H Zenil)Live Panel Discussion (transcription):What is Computation? (How) Does Nature Compute? (C S Calude, G J Chaitin, E Fredkin, A J Leggett, R de Ruyter, T Toffoli & S Wolfram)Zuse's Calculating Space:Calculating Space (Rechnender Raum) (K Zuse)Afterword to Konrad Zuse's Calculating Space (A German & H Zenil) Readership: Graduate students who are specialized researchers in computer science, information theory, quantum theory and modern philosophy and the general public who are interested in these subject areas. Keywords:Digital Physics;Computational Universe;Digital Philosophy;Reality Theories of the Universe;Models of the World;Thring Computation RandomnessKey Features:The authors are all prominent researchersNo competing titlesState-of-the-art collection of technical papers and non-technical essays

# Grundzüge der theoretischen Logik

Author: David Hilbert,Wilhelm Ackermann

Publisher: Springer-Verlag

ISBN: 3662119323

Category: Mathematics

Page: 190

View: 9492

Die theoretische Logik, auch mathematische oder symbolische Logik genannt, ist eine Ausdehnung der formalen Methode der Mathematik auf das Gebiet der Logik. Sie wendet für die Logik eine ähnliche Formel sprache an, wie sie zum Ausdruck mathematischer Beziehungen schon seit langem gebräuchlich ist. In der Mathematik würde es heute als eine Utopie gelten, wollte man beim Aufbau einer mathematischen Disziplin sich nur der gewöhnlichen Sprache bedienen. Die großen Fortschritte, die in der Mathematik seit der Antike gemacht worden sind, sind zum wesentlichen Teil mit dadurch bedingt, daß es gelang, einen brauchbaren und leistungsfähigen Formalismus zu finden. - Was durch die Formel sprache in der Mathematik erreicht wird, das soll auch in der theoretischen Logik durch diese erzielt werden, nämlich eine exakte, wissenschaftliche Behandlung ihres Gegenstandes. Die logischen Sachverhalte, die zwischen Urteilen, Begriffen usw. bestehen, finden ihre Darstellung durch Formeln, deren Interpretation frei ist von den Unklarheiten, die beim sprachlichen Ausdruck leicht auftreten können. Der Übergang zu logischen Folgerungen, wie er durch das Schließen geschieht, wird in seine letzten Elemente zerlegt und erscheint als formale Umgestaltung der Ausgangsformeln nach gewissen Regeln, die den Rechenregeln in der Algebra analog sind; das logische Denken findet sein Abbild in einem Logikkalkül. Dieser Kalkül macht die erfolgreiche Inangriffnahme von Problemen möglich, bei denen das rein inhaltliche Denken prinzipiell versagt. Zu diesen gehört z. B.

# The Principles of Inductive Logic

Author: John Venn

Publisher: Taylor & Francis US

ISBN: 9780828402651

Category: Mathematics

Page: 604

View: 4116

Venn, best known for his diagrams for set theory, primarily studied logic and probability theory. The present book is a study of the principles of logic, with special emphasis on inference and induction. From the Preface to the First Edition (1889): As many readers will probably perceive, the main original guiding influence with me--as with most of those of the middle generation, and especially with most of those who approached logic with previous mathematical or scientific training--was that of Mill ... I still continue to regard the general attitude towards phenomena, which Mill took up as a logician, to be the soundest and most useful for scientific study ... '' From the Preface to the Second Edition (1907): Though thus leaving the main outlines unaltered I have done what I could to improve the work, and to try to bring it up to date ... A number of paragraphs have been altered, others have been re-written, and many hundreds of minor alterations, additions and corrections inserted ... ''

# Levels of Infinity

Selected Writings on Mathematics and Philosophy

Author: Hermann Weyl,Peter Pesic

Publisher: Courier Corporation

ISBN: 0486489035

Category: Mathematics

Page: 240

View: 5738

This original anthology collects 10 of Weyl's less-technical writings that address the broader scope and implications of mathematics. Most have been long unavailable or not previously published in book form. Subjects include logic, topology, abstract algebra, relativity theory, and reflections on the work of Weyl's mentor, David Hilbert. 2012 edition.

# The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic

Author: N.A

Publisher: N.A

ISBN: N.A

Category: Logic, Symbolic and mathematical

Page: N.A

View: 2065

# Symbolic Logic

Author: John Venn

Publisher: American Mathematical Soc.

ISBN: 9780821841990

Category: Mathematics

Page: 540

View: 3477

Venn's style is to take his readers very much into his confidence: as he builds the theory, he carefully points out the alternative paths he might have taken, the alternative definitions he might have used, he shows what the implications of these alternatives are, and justifies his choice on the broadest possible grounds. What is distinctive about this work may be given in part in Venn's own words: The thorough examination of symbolic logic as a whole, that is, in its relation to ordinary logic and ordinary thought and language; the establishment of every general symbolic expression and rule on purely logical principles, instead of looking mainly to its formal justification; and the invention and employment of a scheme of diagrammatic notation which shall be in true harmony with our generalizations.''

# Differentialgeometrie, Topologie und Physik

Author: Mikio Nakahara

Publisher: Springer-Verlag

ISBN: 3662453002

Category: Science

Page: 597

View: 6940

Differentialgeometrie und Topologie sind wichtige Werkzeuge für die Theoretische Physik. Insbesondere finden sie Anwendung in den Gebieten der Astrophysik, der Teilchen- und Festkörperphysik. Das vorliegende beliebte Buch, das nun erstmals ins Deutsche übersetzt wurde, ist eine ideale Einführung für Masterstudenten und Forscher im Bereich der theoretischen und mathematischen Physik. - Im ersten Kapitel bietet das Buch einen Überblick über die Pfadintegralmethode und Eichtheorien. - Kapitel 2 beschäftigt sich mit den mathematischen Grundlagen von Abbildungen, Vektorräumen und der Topologie. - Die folgenden Kapitel beschäftigen sich mit fortgeschritteneren Konzepten der Geometrie und Topologie und diskutieren auch deren Anwendungen im Bereich der Flüssigkristalle, bei suprafluidem Helium, in der ART und der bosonischen Stringtheorie. - Daran anschließend findet eine Zusammenführung von Geometrie und Topologie statt: es geht um Faserbündel, characteristische Klassen und Indextheoreme (u.a. in Anwendung auf die supersymmetrische Quantenmechanik). - Die letzten beiden Kapitel widmen sich der spannendsten Anwendung von Geometrie und Topologie in der modernen Physik, nämlich den Eichfeldtheorien und der Analyse der Polakov'schen bosonischen Stringtheorie aus einer gemetrischen Perspektive. Mikio Nakahara studierte an der Universität Kyoto und am King’s in London Physik sowie klassische und Quantengravitationstheorie. Heute ist er Physikprofessor an der Kinki-Universität in Osaka (Japan), wo er u. a. über topologische Quantencomputer forscht. Diese Buch entstand aus einer Vorlesung, die er während Forschungsaufenthalten an der University of Sussex und an der Helsinki University of Sussex gehalten hat.

# Hausdorff on Ordered Sets

Author: Felix Hausdorff

Publisher: American Mathematical Soc.

ISBN: 0821837885

Category: Mathematics

Page: 322

View: 4566

Georg Cantor, the founder of set theory, published his last paper on sets in 1897. In 1900, David Hilbert made Cantor's Continuum Problem and the challenge of well-ordering the real numbers the first problem in his famous Paris lecture. It was time for the appearance of the second generation of Cantorians. They emerged in the decade 1900-1909, and foremost among them were Ernst Zermelo and Felix Hausdorff. Zermelo isolated the Choice Principle, proved that every set could be well-ordered, and axiomatized the concept of set. He became the father of abstract set theory. Hausdorff eschewed foundations and pursued set theory as part of the mathematical arsenal. He was recognized as the era's leading Cantorian. From 1901-1909, Hausdorff published seven articles in which he created a representation theory for ordered sets and investigated sets of real sequences partially ordered by eventual dominance, together with their maximally ordered subsets. These papers are translated and appear in this volume. Each is accompanied by an introductory essay. These highly accessible works are of historical significance, not only for set theory, but also for model theory, analysis and algebra.

# The Conceptual Foundations of Quantum Mechanics

Author: Leonard Eisenbud

Publisher: American Mathematical Soc.

ISBN: 0821841793

Category: Science

Page: 148

View: 4630

This book provides a clear and logical path to understanding what quantum mechanics is about. It will be accessible to undergraduates with minimal mathematical preparation: all that is required is an open mind, a little algebra, and a first course in undergraduate physics. Quantum mechanics is arguably the most successful physical theory. It makes predictions of incredible accuracy. It provides the structure underlying all of our electronic technology, and much of our mastery over materials. But compared with Newtonian mechanics, or even relativity, its teachings seem obscure--they have no counterpart in everyday experience, and they sometimes contradict our simplest notions of how the world works. A full understanding of the theory requires prior mastery of very advanced mathematics. This book aims at a different goal: to teach the reader, step by step, how the theory came to be and what, fundamentally, it is about. Most students learn physics by learning techniques and formulas. This is especially true in a field like quantum mechanics, whose content often contradicts our common sense, and where it's tempting to retreat into mathematical formalism. This book goes behind the formalism to explain in direct language the conceptual content and foundations of quantum mechanics: the experiments that forced physicists to construct such a strange theory, and the essential elements of its strangeness.

# The Conceptual Development of Nondeterminism in Theoretical Computer Science

Author: Walter Warwick

Publisher: N.A

ISBN: N.A

Category:

Page: 268

View: 9659

# Geometry and the Imagination

Author: David Hilbert,Stephan Cohn-Vossen

Publisher: American Mathematical Soc.

ISBN: 0821819984

Category: Mathematics

Page: 357

View: 1999

This remarkable book endures as a true masterpiece of mathematical exposition. The book is overflowing with mathematical ideas, which are always explained clearly and elegantly, and above all, with penetrating insight. It is a joy to read, both for beginners and experienced mathematicians. Geometry and the Imagination is full of interesting facts, many of which you wish you had known before. The book begins with examples of the simplest curves and surfaces, including thread constructions of certain quadrics and other surfaces. The chapter on regular systems of points leads to the crystallographic groups and the regular polyhedra in $\mathbb{R}^3$. In this chapter, they also discuss plane lattices. By considering unit lattices, and throwing in a small amount of number theory when necessary, they effortlessly derive Leibniz's series: $\pi/4 = 1 - 1/3 + 1/5 - 1/7 + - \ldots$. In the section on lattices in three and more dimensions, the authors consider sphere-packing problems, including the famous Kepler problem. One of the most remarkable chapters is Projective Configurations''. In a short introductory section, Hilbert and Cohn-Vossen give perhaps the most concise and lucid description of why a general geometer would care about projective geometry and why such an ostensibly plain setup is truly rich in structure and ideas. The chapter on kinematics includes a nice discussion of linkages and the geometry of configurations of points and rods that are connected and, perhaps, constrained in some way. This topic in geometry has become increasingly important in recent times, especially in applications to robotics. This is another example of a simple situation that leads to a rich geometry. It would be hard to overestimate the continuing influence Hilbert-Cohn-Vossen's book has had on mathematicians of this century. It surely belongs in the "pantheon" of great mathematics books.

# Foundations of Analysis

The Arithmetic of Whole, Rational, Irrational, and Complex Numbers

Author: Edmund Landau

Publisher: N.A

ISBN: N.A

Category: Number theory

Page: 134

View: 8288

# Introduction to Modern Algebra and Matrix Theory

Author: Otto Schreier

Publisher: N.A

ISBN: N.A

Category:

Page: 378

View: 7971

Affine space; linear equations; Euclidean space; theory of determinants; Field theory; the fundamental theorem of algebra; Elements of group theory; Linear transformations and matrices.

# Grundzüge der Mengenlehre

Author: Felix Hausdorff

Publisher: American Mathematical Soc.

ISBN: 9780828400619

Category: Mathematics

Page: 476

View: 3524

This reprint of the original 1914 edition of this famous work contains many topics that had to be omitted from later editions, notably, Symmetric Sets, Principle of Duality, most of the Algebra'' of Sets, Partially Ordered Sets, Arbitrary Sets of Complexes, Normal Types, Initial and Final Ordering, Complexes of Real Numbers, General Topological Spaces, Euclidean Spaces, the Special Methods Applicable in the Euclidean Plane, Jordan's Separation Theorem, the Theory of Content and Measure, the Theory of the Lebesgue Integral. The text is in German.

# Major Theme--computer Aided Process Planning

19th CIRP International Seminar on Manufacturing Systems, Penn State, U.S.A., June 1-2, 1987

Author: N.A

Publisher: N.A

ISBN: N.A

Page: 319

View: 9353

# American Book Publishing Record

Author: N.A

Publisher: N.A

ISBN: N.A

Category: American literature

Page: N.A

View: 6138